Alcohol Beverage Essay Example for Free

Liquor Beverage Essay Since the commencement of TV, watchers have brought up numerous issues about liquor publicizing. How is promoting influencing us? Does it affect liquor misuse or liquor related sickness and demise? Does publicizing impact liquor utilization? In this article, I will fundamentally focus on why such alcoholic notices ought to be confined; and how much should any administrations have the option to control promoting. My sincere belief that I keep up is that I concur with having limitations on hard beverages’ ads on TV, by concentrating more on mindful drinking and on issues that drinking causes each year due to flippancy of its buyer. I likewise remain by my conclusion since youngsters are adversely influenced by those advertisements, since there are no messages for dependable activity while drinking. Additionally, measurements show that liquor related admissions to medical clinic in United States have arrived at 20% in 1995. With different words, a large portion of cases sent to our emergency clinics were liquor related, which conceivably prompts viciousness, mishaps and medical problems. Liquor is thought to cause thirty thousand unexpected losses a year. In this way, it might make physical and mental mischief its customers. The two primary media apparatuses that help promoting for liquor are Televised projects and radio stations. These mammoth companies make a great many dollars publicizing for mixed refreshments with having negligible advices on dependable drinking and crazy practices that can be caused essentially as a result of it. My own accept is that too extreme introduction to alcoholic ad can build utilization and impact people groups mentalities towards liquor particularly for youth as they have not shaped its right comprehension. So as to forestall the huge measure of alcoholic promoting that shows up on media, throughout the most recent couple of decades, government have set far stricter rules and guidelines concerning liquor. A portion of these confinements and limitations are especially made for publicizing for mixed beverages. A portion of these limitations remember constraining the planning of promotions for TV and permit liquor related advertisements to be shown simply after 10:00pm, which will keep away from youth presentation to it. These days, Alcohol notice is at its top on sport occasions. This is the reason restricting the alcohol organization from being the official support in sport must be thought of. As Professor Gilmore stated, constraints ought to remember liquor sponsorship for sport, as the liquor was being publicized 24 hours per day. Moreover, the substance of promotion ought to be limited, pictures like savagery and potential wrongdoing ought to be prohibited, as it is simple for youngsters doing likewise things that appear on TV. Then again, both out in the open and private segments are capable in joining their endeavors to assist with setting out impediments and confine liquor advancement and deals through advertisements. For example, clubs ought to annul the boundless beverages to a specific time just with fixed measure of cash, and confine underage individuals from being presented to a spot where liquor is intensely expended. Plus, the cost ought to be expanded to decrease the liquor utilization and liquor makers ought to build up another creation line, as a choice to supplant liquor. Presently, liquor has spread in our way of life and society and turned into the image of fun and joy. Its utilization has expanded like never before did in humanity history and their belongings are expanding with it also. Publicizing for liquor isn't just reassuring our childhood to drink more which will influence their wellbeing yet additionally advances wild and flighty practices related with its utilization. Our legislature is progressively mindful of the earnestness of this issue than any time in recent memory, anyway further laws and limitations must occur later on so as to diminish its negative impacts.

Building An Annotated Bibliography Research Paper

Building An Annotated Bibliography - Research Paper Example This release gives helpful data to build up the presentation. Critically, it would be utilized in the body of the venture to contend against the wrongdoing impediment impact of the death penalty. Moreover, it offers proof to dishonor those contending for utilization of the death penalty to dissuade wrongdoing because of absence of research. This book gives a wide range of data on wrongdoing and freak conduct from a sociological point of view. The creators bolster capital punishment for utilitarian reasons and reprisal. All things being equal, they give contentions of when capital punishment accomplishes more mischief than deflecting wrongdoing. They back up their contentions with instances of different legal disputes and their outcomes. It would be valuable at the presentation of the venture when characterizing the death penalty, its organization and destinations. It would likewise be utilized in the body when giving contentions for and against capital punishment as an approach to deflect wrongdoing with the proof of results of decisions giving proper models. This book contends that the view of death being the harshest discipline would consistently discourage wrongdoing. Lawbreakers carrying out life punishments don't have anything to dissuade them from wrongdoing other than the danger of death. Then again, it contends that death penalty leaves the powerless presented to maltreatment from the solid and furthermore brings about social issue, two elements which could advance wrongdoing. This book gives a basic premise to placing the death penalty into point of view while building up the presentation. Other than giving foundation data all through the undertaking, it would be basic in the body of the task to contend for and against the death penalty as an obstruction to wrongdoing. This article contends against the death penalty as an obstruction to wrongdoing. It confirms this contention with the perception on the declining number of capital punishments in North Carolina, prompting no capital punishment in 2012. With this decrease, the North Carolina

Ideas About How to Conclude an Argumentative Essay

Ideas About How to Conclude an Argumentative Essay In essay writing, the conclusion of your argumentative paper is one of the most important sections of the writing process. Your conclusion should bring your readers to the cream and peak of all they have been reading from the start. This requirement demands that you have to take an ascending tone where the best of all comes in the end so that your paper does not end on a plateau or in a valley. This way, you will present your audience with a reason to remember your essay. This article, therefore, seeks to share with you some of the proven nuggets that will embellish and bolster your conclusion-writing skills. Why it’s important to write a good conclusion for argumentative essay Understanding why writing a good conclusion of an argumentative essay is important is a great way to start you off on the path to mastery. But why is this tail-end part of your essay all that weighty? First, you should understand that this is the only place you have to put your best foot forward by bringing your readers to a climax. Second, all humans are naturally wired to get the best at the end of any process. When you end anything on a lower note, they will see you as a person who has backtracked on your promises and have given up some of the determination you had at the beginning or along the way. Naturally, it is easier for people to forgive a false start than a bad ending. Third, the conclusion of your essay is the last opportunity you have to argue and cement your case. This chance allows you to show the reader how and why you have been defending your thesis. Fourth, your conclusion allows you to call your readers to action. This is the only place you have to explicitly tell them the stand they need to adopt and the importance of them seeing what you were writing from your personal perspective. Fifth, the ending of your essay is the last chance you have to prove faith in what you have been arguing. It allows you not just to argue, but also to cement the arguments you have been making and show their merit. Rephrase your thesis One of the biggest pillars of how to end an argumentative essay is rephrasing your essay’s thesis. Your thesis is your personal position on the subject matter, and it is the reason for the evidence as well as all the other arguments you made in the paper. For you to end your essay on a strong footing, you should rephrase your thesis. By restating your thesis, you will be giving the reader the opportunity to remember what you have been arguing and standing for throughout the paper. But you have to avoid the temptation of repeating the thesis directly. By bringing your thesis back to mind, you will be tying up the value and focus of all the arguments and the evidence you have been providing as the essay progressed. Additionally, the restatement of your thesis shows your readers that you are still holding to the primary position you took on the topic at hand. This way, you show your audience that you have kept yourself true to your promise, and you have not swerved off the road you began on. Reviewing your reasons and main pieces of evidence Reviewing the reasons and major pieces of evidence is one of the best tips on ending an argumentative essay conclusion. You should revisit and highlight the key evidence and reasons you discussed to defend your thesis. But why should you take this approach in ending your argumentative essay? The reason is that an argumentative essay centers on your ability to make your readers have an appreciative and positive view of your research, reasons, and the opinions you have expressed in the essay. That is why you need to revisit all the pieces of evidence you used to bolster and validate your thesis. The reason here is that wherever there is an argument, there must be evidence to support it. So, by stating your evidence, you are just making your essay live up to its nameâ€"argumentativeâ€" because it argues a case. You need to summarize those arguments in a few sentences so that your reader can remember how you successfully defended the thesis you have already restated in the preceding sentence. Make a call to action The last pillar you need to incorporate in the conclusion of your argumentative essay is the call to action. After telling readers what you feel is the best way to think, you should also tell them what to do with that position. The call to action answers the “So what?” question where you need to clearly show the reader how they or the society will benefit if they adopt your stand and vice versa. Remember, the only way to win an argument and cause people to cross the flow is to show them the benefits of adopting your position or the consequences of not doing so. That is why to write an effective call to action, you should use a descriptive approach that paints a portrait of your envisioned reality based on the acceptance or rejection of your arguments. Get help with argumentative essay writing help This article has provided you with a comprehensive argumentative essay conclusion writing guide intended to equip you with the skills you need to perfect your conclusions. It has taken you through all the main components of the conclusion and how you need to write them, the importance of your essay’s conclusion, and how to do it right. You now have the ball in your court to up your game in this area. But if you come to a point where the usual disruptions of life don’t allow you to write your essay assignments, you can reach out for help here. Our company has expert writers who are dedicated to helping you beat your deadlines in a professional and affordable manner. You are welcome to contact us anytime.

Social Inclusion And Feelings Of The Exclusion Condition

Our research aimed to investigate the relationship between social inclusion and feelings of belongingness, moderated by Neuroticism. Neuroticism moderating this relationship is not covered in past research, so we are approaching this. We hypothesised people in the exclusion condition would have lower feelings of inclusion, people with high neuroticism would have lower feelings of inclusion, and people with high Neuroticism would have much lower feelings of Inclusion in the exclusion condition. We tested these through a personality test, Cyberball task and assessment of feelings of Inclusion. Our participants were Undergraduate students at the University of Auckland. Overall, we found that our hypotheses were confirmed. There was a negative relationship between levels of Neuroticism and feelings of inclusion, as levels of Neuroticism increased feelings of inclusion decreased, especially in the exclusion condition. The implications of this study were further evidence for the Sociometer model of Self Esteem and the Belongingness hypothesis, and further research could explore the impact of Extraversion on Neuroticism. Ostracism is the act of ignoring and excluding people from social groups or environments (Williams Jarvis, 2006, Williams, Cheung, Choi, 2000). The effect of being ostracised is so strong that there is a system in place for early detection of this occurring (Williams, von Hippel, Forgas, 2005). This is because in general, ostracism makes people feel bad.Show MoreRelatedPersonality Differences Between People s Experiences Of Social Inclusiveness And Feelings Of Belonging Essay2385 Words   |  10 Pagespersonality moderates the relationship between people’s experiences of social inclusiveness and feelings of belonging. This will help us understand more about the nature of personality traits, specifically neuroticism, and has implications for clinical treatments of people who are high in the Neuroticism trait. Through the literature that we found, Neuroticism and Belongingness have been discussed as well as feelings of inclusion and Neuroticism. However Neuroticism is not di scussed as a moderatorRead More Social Work Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will discuss social divisions; social exclusion and social inclusion, of which there are many definitions and interpretations. Social divisions and Social exclusion has been around for many years. Social exclusion was first noticed in France in 1970s in relation to people who fell outside the range of the social insurance system, such as disabled people, lone parents and the young unemployed (Townsend and Kennedy, 2004). Before 1997 Social exclusion was referred to as ‘poverty’, whichRead MoreThe Facade Of Universal Inclusion1539 Words   |  7 Pages1482568 17 May 2016 Politics 4 Professor Mathiowetz TA: Covina Kwan The Facade of Universal Inclusion John Locke developed the political philosophy known as liberalism which in his â€Å"Second Treatise of Government† is centered around freedom, equality, the social contract and consent (explicit and tacit). Liberalism promotes the idea of universal inclusion of all. Drawing from Hanna Pitkin, a larger more inclusive image of liberalism would also include obligation. This paper will argue that a fullerRead MoreConsequences Of Missing Bonding Events1560 Words   |  7 Pagesof the 21st century, it remains almost impossible not to miss events. Whether it is missing the subway in New York City or missing a holiday event a family member is hosting; there is almost always an event that due to certain circumstances and conditions one will not be able to attend. Certain factors remain, and will continue to remain out of one’s direct control such as the weather, flat tires, and simple yet unfortunate coincidences. Though traditional research tends to view the world throughRea d MoreHow Social Exclusion Affects The Feeling Of Physical Coldness2017 Words   |  9 PagesPsychologists Chen-Bo Zhong and Geoffrey Leonardelli from the University of Toronto wanted to analyze the idea that social exclusion generates a physical response of coldness. In 2008, they did just that by carrying out an experimental study to address two questions in two different experiments; whether recall of a specific (social exclusion) event influences the feeling of physical coldness. The second experiment is based on the hypothesis of the first, given that coldness leads to the liking forRead MoreThe Carter Review Of Initial Teacher Training952 Words   |  4 Pagesand achievement for all children’. Examples of this move towards inclusion is displayed by the publishing of training resources for SEN co-ordinators, such as ‘Supporting Pupils with Dyslexia (Griffiths, Groom and Smith, 2012, p.65), which projects the ‘idea that dyslexia is not an insurmountable barr ier but a condition that requires different approaches’, therefore showing a change of attitude towards SEN in order to provide inclusion and education equality. It is evident that the concept of SENRead MoreEarly Life As A Social Determinant Of Health1503 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion 1: The definition of early life as a social determinant of health given by Rumbold and Dickson-Swift is â€Å"A good start in life means supporting mothers and young children.† (Rumbold Dickson-Swift, 2012, p. 180). Early life describes the period from prenatal development to eight years of age, and is a time of remarkable brain growth and development, this period establishes the foundations for subsequent development and learning (Siddiqi, Irwin, Hertzman, 2007). As this period is consideredRead MoreAn Individual With A Mental Disorder1633 Words   |  7 Pagesthe place of an individual in the social structure. Mental disorder status is classified as acquired because this status can be obtained and lost and it requires to be confirmed. Social roles arising from a status of mentally ill individual are specific; they imprint characteristics of the social environment of an individual, which reflect the social beliefs, attitudes and prejudice. From a sociological point of view, the disease can be seen as a form of social rejection, in which the individualRead MoreSuperman And The Rescue : Simulating Physical Invulnerability Essay1743 Words   |  7 PagesThe main theory of â€Å"Superman to the rescue: Simulating physical invulnerability attenuates exclusion-related interpersonal biases† by Julie Y. Huang, Joshua M. Ackerman, John A. Bargh (2011) is that when people feel socially excluded, the feeling is similar to that of actual physical pain, and because these feelings of exclusion are strong and powerful,, it causes people to uplift their ingroup more, and harshly against an outgroup or people who are stigmatized, such as crack-addicts, immigrantsRead MoreUnderstand Diversity, Equality and Inclusions in own area of Responsibility4291 Words   |  18 PagesUnderstand Diversity, Equality and Inclusions in own area of Responsibility 1.1 Explain Models of practices that underpin equality, and diversity and inclusions in own area of responsibility. In looking at this model I have found that many people have views that based on discrimination and prejudice they are embedded in today’s society, the attitudes and the surrounding environment often focuses on what a person lacks in terms of disability and focuses on condition or illness or a person’s lack

Homosexual Adoption - 2204 Words

Brandon LeGore LeGore 1 Samm Erickson English 101 October 25th, 2013 Is Homosexual Adoption Acceptable? Homosexuality is a topic that has gained much interest in the past few decades. It seems as each year passes, more and more acceptance of this lifestyle come into light. However, when it comes to homosexuals wanting to create a family, a problem is created. In some states homosexuality is accepted and embraced, which enables this group to adopt a child as if they were heterosexual. There are many levels of argument to this topic to be addressed. Some believe that gay adoption should be legalized nation-wide, while others believe it should be banned everywhere. There are some strong opinions as to why this†¦show more content†¦The focus is not on homosexual adoption, but on what is best for the child being placed in that home. The process of adoptions goal is to find a suitable home for the child. Being raised with a mother and a father is the best environment for the child. Orthodoxy Today reports that â€Å"the scienti fic fact is that childrens health is endangered if they are adopted into households in which the adults - as a direct LeGore 3 consequence of their homosexual behavior -- experience dramatically higher risks of domestic violence, mental illness, life-threatening disease, substance abuse, and premature death by up to 20 years.† (Orthodoxy Today) This should enable the state to do anything and everything it can to protect the children from this disadvantage and to give them as many advantages that are possible. This is done by doing everything to make sure they go to a stable home with a mother and a father. To create an environment where the child is safe and not exposed to the type of behavior that will affect the choices they make down the road. The interest of the child being adopted should always be of the utmost importance. The fact that the parents are gay or straight is not the main issue. The safety and well-being of the child is what should be taken into consideration before anything. Discrimination is not the goal of denying homosexuals the ability to adopt children. The well-being of theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Supporting Homosexual Couples Adoption Rights1904 Words   |  8 PagesHomosexual Couples and the Issue of Adaptation Having two mummies or daddies is stupid, but its better than having none at all When asked for his opinion on the matter of gay couples adopting and raising children as their own, my eight year old brother replied with the above statement. Children are said to be the harshest critics; their opinions considered whole truths. But is this neutral and innocent view shared by the thousands of children currently in foster Read MoreEssay on The Battle for Homosexual Adoption1696 Words   |  7 Pagessolely fall on him though; many people in the world today are in the dark about whether or not to allow gay and lesbian parents to adopt children. Many research studies conclude that children are not adversely affected in any way from growing up in homosexual households; however, the fight for same-sex parents to be joined in marriage goes on, not only for the parent’s benefit, but to the benefit of the child as well. To put to rest any lingering doubts, society must be aware of the evidence that confirmsRead MoreAdoption to the Homosexuals Couples Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is wrong with America? This is a nation built on the success of the children, and future generations. How can we say that when thousands of children are in foster care to this day? To face this problem states must realize that adoption to homosexuals is a great opportunity. Not by just giving children homes, but allowing them to experience, the lifestyle that same-sex parents contribute. In addition, the government must consider that religion should not play a role in whether or not gays shouldRead MoreGay Adoption Essay803 Words   |  4 Pagesbe denied only because they are gay. Homosexuals may be looked down upon by society, but they still are humans and have morals. These morals they possess, may influence a child more than those morals taught to a child with heterosexual parents. All over the world, children s uffer in families consisting of alcoholics, drug abusers, and sexual abusers (Powell, 2007, p.1). It is not possible that these environments are safer than what would be provided by homosexual parents. As always, the main focusRead MoreThe Rights Of The Gay Rights890 Words   |  4 Pagesmarriages as legal in all fifty states. However, the fight for homosexual equality is far from over. Despite having gained the right to marry-which was seen by many as the main focus of the gay rights movement- many people are still discriminated against in a variety of arenas every day because of their sexuality. One such sector is that of adoption. Although their inability to reproduce may make them appear to be the ideal candidates for adoption, many groups feel that gay couples should be prohibitedRead MoreCommentary of Adam Liptak ´s Article Regarding Gay Marriage and Child Rearing716 Words   |  3 Pagesappalling. Homosexual couples should have the right to raise children just as heterose xual couples do. Liptak argued his point by raising his concern for responsible procreation within society. He suggested that responsible procreation was between a man and woman inside of marriage. However, denying the right to marry and adopt to same-sex couples the government is helping to increase the norm of sex and child raising outside of marriage. A lot of work and thought must go into the adoption of or alternativeRead MoreThe Debate Over Homosexual Couples941 Words   |  4 PagesA homosexual couple is a pair of two individuals of the same sex involved in an intimate and loving relationship. Homosexual couples want to be treated the same way as heterosexuals by fighting for their right to get married and also their right to have children. Because of the nature of their relationship, they cannot biologically have children together so their only option is to adopt. The debate over homosexual couples being able to adopt children is very controversial and is becoming a big issueRead MoreGays Should Have A Positive Impact On A Child s Life1441 Words   |  6 Pagesevolving for Homosexuals and their rights. Every child in foster care, and adoption agencies deserve to have a family regardless of the parents Sexual orientation. The United States is considered a liberal country if that is so, then homosexuals should have the right to adopt a child in the United States. Homosexuals adopting will have a positive impact on a child s life. The child will finally have a stable home and family to grow up in. The article mentions how children adopted by homosexuals are mentallyRead MoreAdoption Is The Greatest Gift Of Life984 Words   |  4 PagesAdoption not Abortion Life is giving to one to one to live freely. Parents are the greatest gift to life. Nevertheless, society questions, do adopted children feel the same? Being adopted is not easy or fun it’s full of chances to take saying because one never knows what’s to come. Adoption helps mothers who cannot have children, for mothers who cannot take care of their child, and for the child to be in a better environment than what he or she was in. Adoption comes with many aspects; gays tryingRead MoreLGBT Adoption Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesLGBT Adoption â€Å" There are approximately 100,000 children and/ or adolescents who are in the Child Welfare System waiting to be put into foster care or be adopted† (Kreisher). The number of children living with 1 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgender (LGBT) parent today ranges from six to fourteen million children or adolescents. Adoption is to take into one’s family legally and raise as one’s own child. Although adoption is first spoken of in the Bible, the first recorded adoption takes place

Feminist Approach to Witchcraft; Case Study Miller’s the Crucible Free Essays

string(78) " commodity in what Luce Irigaray has termed a â€Å"dominant scopic economy\." Title: Re(dis)covering the Witches in Arthur Miller’s The Crucible: A Feminist Reading Author(s): Wendy Schissel Publication Details: Modern Drama 37. 3 (Fall 1994): p461-473. Source: Drama Criticism. We will write a custom essay sample on Feminist Approach to Witchcraft; Case Study: Miller’s the Crucible or any similar topic only for you Order Now Vol. 31. Detroit: Gale. From Literature Resource Center. Document Type: Critical essay Bookmark: Bookmark this Document Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2008 Gale, Cengage Learning Title Re(dis)covering the Witches in Arthur Miller’s The Crucible: A Feminist Reading [(essay date fall 1994) In the following essay, Schissel offers a feminist reading of The Crucible, in an effort to deconstruct â€Å"the phallologocentric sanctions implicit in Miller’s account of Abigail’s fate, Elizabeth’s confession, and John’s temptation and death. ] Arthur Miller’s The Crucible is a disturbing work, not only because of the obvious moral dilemma that is irresolutely solved by John Proctor’s death, but also because of the treatment that Abigail and Elizabeth receive at Miller’s hands and at the hands of critics. In forty years of criticism very little has been said about the ways in which The Crucible reinforces stereotypes of femme fatales and cold and unforgiving wives in order to assert apparently universal virtues. It is a morality play based upon a questionable androcentric morality. Like Proctor, The Crucible â€Å"[roars] down† Elizabeth, making her concede a fault which is not hers but of Miller’s making: â€Å"It needs a cold wife to prompt lechery,†1 she admits in her final meeting with her husband. Critics have seen John as a â€Å"tragically heroic common man,†2 humanly tempted, â€Å"a just man in a universe gone mad,†3 but they have never given Elizabeth similar consideration, nor have they deconstructed the phallologocentric sanctions implicit in Miller’s account of Abigail’s fate, Elizabeth’s confession, and John’s temptation and death. As a feminist reader of the 1990s, I am troubled by the unrecognized fallout from the existential humanism that Miller and his critics have held dear. The Crucible is in need of an/Other reading, one that reveals the assumptions of the text, the author, and the reader/critic who â€Å"is part of the shared consciousness created by the [play]. â€Å"4 It is time to reveal the vicarious enjoyment that Miller and his critics have found in a cathartic male character who has enacted their exual and political fantasies. The setting of The Crucible is a favoured starting point in an analysis of the play. Puritan New England of 1692 may indeed have had its parallels to McCarthy’s America of 1952,5 but there is more to the paranoia than xenophobia–of Natives and Communists, respectively. Implicit in Puritan theology, in Miller’s version of the Salem witch trials, and all too frequent in the society which has produced Miller’s critics is gynecophobia–fear a nd distrust of women. The â€Å"half dozen heavy books† (36) which the zealous Reverend Hale endows on Salem â€Å"like a bridegroom to his beloved, bearing gifts† (132) are books on witchcraft from which he has acquired an â€Å"armory of symptoms, catchwords, and diagnostic procedures† (36). A 1948 edition of the 1486 Malleus Maleficarum (Hammer of Witches), with a foreword by Montague Summers, may have prompted Miller’s inclusion of seventeenth-century and Protestant elucidations upon a work originally sanctioned by the Roman Church. Hale’s books would be â€Å"highly misogynic† tomes, for like the Malleus they would be premised on the belief that â€Å"‘All witchcraft comes from carnal lust which in women is insatiable. ‘†7 The authors of the Maleus, two Dominican monks, Johan Sprenger and Heinrich Kraemer, were writing yet another fear-filled version of the apocryphal bad woman: they looked to Ecclesiasties which declares the wickedness of a woman is all evil †¦ there is no anger above the anger of a woman. It will be more agreeable to abide with a lion and a dragon, than to dwell with a wicked woman †¦ rom the woman came the beginning of sin, and by her we all die. (25:17, 23, 33) The Crucible is evidence that Miller partakes of similar fears about wicked, angry, or wise women; even if his complicity in such gynecophobia is unwitting–and that is the most generous thing we can accord him, a â€Å"misrecognition† of himself and his reputation-conscious hero John as the authors of a subjectivity8 which belongs exclusively to men–the result for generations of readers has been the same. In Salem, the majority of witches condemned to die were women. Even so, Salem’s numbers were negligible9 compared with the gynocide in Europe: Andrea Dworkin quotes a moderate estimate of nine million witches executed at a ratio of women to men of as much as 100 to 1. 10 Miller assures us in one of his editorial and political (and long and didactic) comments, that despite the Puritans’ belief in witchcraft, â€Å"there were no witches† (35) in Salem; his play, however, belies his claim, and so do his critics. The Crucible is filled with witches, from the wise woman/healer Rebecca Nurse to the black woman Tituba, who initiates the girls into the dancing which has always been part of the communal celebrations of women healers/witches. 11 But the most obvious witch in Miller’s invention upon Salem history is Abigail Williams. She is the consummate seductress; the witchcraft hysteria in the play originates in her carnal lust for Proctor. Miller describes Abigail as â€Å"a strikingly beautiful girl †¦ ith an endless capacity for dissembling† (8-9). In 1953, William Hawkins called Abigail â€Å"an evil child†;12 in 1967, critic Leonard Moss said she was a â€Å"malicious figure† and â€Å"unstable†;13 in 1987, June Schlueter and James Flanagan proclaimed her â€Å"a whore,†14 echoing Proctor’s â€Å"How do you call Heaven! Whore! Whore! † (109); and in 1989, Bernard Dukore suggested that â€Å"if the ‘strikingly beautiful†™ Abigail’s behaviour in the play is an indication, she may have been the one to take the initiative. 15 The critics forget what Abigail cannot: â€Å"John Proctor †¦ took me from my sleep and put knowledge in my heart! † (24). They, like Miller, underplay so as not openly to condone the â€Å"natural† behaviour of a man tempted to adultery because of a young woman’s beauty and precociousness, her proximity in a house where there is also an apparently frigid wife, and the repression of Puritan society and religion. Abigail is a delectable commodity in what Luce Irigaray has termed a â€Å"dominant scopic economy. You read "Feminist Approach to Witchcraft; Case Study: Miller’s the Crucible" in category "Free Case study samples" 16 We are covertly invited to equate John’s admirable rebellion at the end of the play–against the unconscionable demands of implicating others in a falsely acknowledged sin of serving that which is anti thetical to community (the Puritans called that antithesis the devil)–with his more self-serving rebellion against its sexual mores. The subtle equation allows Miller not only to project fault upon Abigail, but also to make what is really a cliched act of adultery on John’s part much more interesting. Miller wants us to recognize, if not celebrate, the individual trials of his existential hero, a â€Å"spokesman for rational feeling and disinterested intelligence† in a play about â€Å"integrity and its obverse, compromise. â€Å"17 Mary Daly might describe the scholarly support that Miller has received for his fantasy-fulfilling hero as â€Å"The second element of the Sado-Ritual [of the witch-craze] †¦ [an] erasure of responsibility. â€Å"18 No critic has asked, though, how a seventeen-year-old girl, raised in the household of a Puritan minister, can have the knowledge of how to seduce a man. The only rationale offered scapegoats another woman, Tituba, complicating gynecophobia with xenophobia. ) The omission on Miller’s and his critics’ parts implies that Abigail’s sexual knowledge must be inherent in her gender. I see the condemnation of Abigail as an all too common example of blaming the victim. Mercy Lewis’s reaction to John is an other indictment of the sexual precociousness of the girls of Salem. Obviously knowledgeable of John and Abigail’s affair, Mercy is both afraid of John and, Miller says, â€Å"strangely titillated† as she â€Å"sidles out† of the room (21). Mary Warren, too, knows: â€Å"Abby’ll charge lechery on you, Mr. Proctor† (80), she says when he demands she tell what she knows about the â€Å"poppet† to the court. John is aghast: â€Å"She’s told you! † (80). Rather than condemning John, all these incidents are included to emphasize the â€Å"vengeance of a little girl† (79), and, I would add, to convince the reader who is supposed to sympathize with John (or to feel titillation himself) that no girl is a â€Å"good girl,† free of sexual knowledge, that each is her mother Eve’s daughter. The fact is, however, that Salem’s young women, who have been preached at by a fire and brimstone preacher, Mr. Parris, are ashamed of their bodies. A gynocritical reading of Mary Warren’s cramps after Sarah Good mumbles her displeasure at being turned away from the Proctor’s door empty-handed is explainable as a â€Å"curse† of a more periodic nature: But what does she mumble? You must remember, Goody Proctor. Last Month–a Monday, I think–she walked away, and I thought my guts would burst for two days after. Do you remember it? 58) The â€Å"girls† are the inheritors of Eve’s sin, and their bodies are their reminders. Though, like all young people, they find ways to rebel–just because adolescence did not exist in Puritan society does not mean that the hormones did not flow–they are seriously repressed. And the most insidious aspect of that repression, in a society in which girls are not considered women until they marry (as young as fourteen, or significantly, with the onset of menses), is the turning of the young women’s frustrations upon members of their own gender. It is not so strange as Proctor suggests for â€Å"a Christian girl to hang old women! † (58), when one such Christian girl claims her position in society with understandable determination: â€Å"I’ll not be ordered to bed no more, Mr. Proctor! I am eighteen and a woman, however single! † (60). Paradoxically, of course, the discord only serves to prove the assumptions of a parochial society about the jealousies of women, an important aspect of this play in which Miller makes each woman in John’s life claim herself as his rightful spouse: Elizabeth assures him that â€Å"I will be your only wife, or no wife at all! (62); and Abigail makes her heart’s desire plain with â€Å"I will make you such a wife when the world is white again! † (150). To realize her claim Abigail has sought the help of voodoo–Tituba’s and the court’s–to get rid of Elizabeth, but not without clear provocation on John’s part. Miller miss es an opportunity to make an important comment upon the real and perceived competitions for men forced upon women in a patriarchal society by subsuming the women’s concerns within what he knows his audience will recognize as more admirable communal and idealistic concerns. The eternal triangle motif, while it serves many interests for Miller, is, ultimately, less important than the overwhelming nobility of John’s Christ-like martyrdom; against that the women’s complaints seem petty indeed, and an audience whose collective consciousness recognizes a dutifully repentent hero also sees the women in his life as less sympathetic. 19 For Abigail and Elizabeth also represent the extremes of female sexuality–sultriness and frigidity, respectively–which test a man’s body, endanger his spirit, and threaten his â€Å"natural† dominance or needs. In order to make Abigail’s seductive capability more believable and John’s culpability less pronounced, Miller has deliberately raised Abigail’s age (â€Å"A Note on the Historical Accuracy of This Play†) from twelve to seventeen. 20 He introduces us to John and Abigail in the first act with John’s acknowledgement of her young age. Abby–the diminutive form of her name is not to be missed–is understandably annoyed: â€Å"How do you call me child! † (23). We already know about his having â€Å"clutched† her back behind his house and â€Å"sweated like a stallion† at her every approach (22). Despite Abigail’s allegations, Miller achieves the curious effect of making her the apparent aggressor in this scene–as critical commentary proves. Miller’s ploy, to blame a woman for the Fall of a good man, is a sleight of pen as old as the Old Testament. There is something too convenient in the fact that â€Å"legend has it that Abigail turned up later as a prostitute in Boston† (â€Å"Echoes Down the Corridor†). Prostitution is not only the oldest profession, but it is also the oldest evidence for the law of supply and demand. Men demand sexual services of women they in turn regard as socially deviant. Miller’s statement of Abigail’s fate resounds with implicit forgiveness for the man who is unwittingly tempted by a fatal female, a conniving witch. Miller’s treatment of Abigail in the second scene of Act Two, left out of the original reading version and most productions but included as an appendix in contemporary texts of the play, is also dishonest. Having promised Elizabeth as she is being taken away in chains that â€Å"I will fall like an ocean on that court! Fear nothing† (78)–at the end of the first scene of Act Two–John returns to Abigail, alone and at night. The scene is both anticlimactic and potentially damning of the hero. What may have begun as Miller’s attempt to have the rational John reason with Abigail, even with the defense that Elizabeth has adjured him to talk to her (61)–although that is before Elizabeth is herself accused–ends in a discussion that is dangerous to John’s position in the play. Miller wants us to believe, as Proctor does â€Å"seeing her madness† when she reveals her self-inflicted injuries, that Abigail is insane: â€Å"I’m holes all over from their damned needles and pins† (149). While Miller may have intended her madness to be a metaphor for her inherent evil–sociologists suggest that madness replaced witchcraft as a pathology to be treated not by burning or hanging but by physicians and incarceration in mental institutions21–he must have realized he ran the risk of making her more sympathetic than he intended. Miller is intent upon presenting John as a man haunted by guilt and aware of his own hypocrisy, and to make Abigail equally aware, even in a state of madness, is too risky. Her long speech about John’s â€Å"goodness† cannot be tolerated because its irony is too costly to John. Why, you taught me goodness, therefore you are good. It were fire you walked me through, and all my ignorance was burned away. It were a fire, John, we lay in fire. And from that night no woman dare call me wicked any more but I knew my answer. I used to weep for my sins when the wind lifted up my skirts; and blushed for shame because some old Rebecca called me loose. And then you burned my ignorance away. As bare as some December ree I saw them all–walking like saints to church, running to feed the sick, and hypocrites in their hearts! And God gave me strength to call them liars, and God made men to listen to me, and by God I will scrub the world clean for the love of Him! (150)22 We must not forget, either, when we are considering critical commentary, that we are dealing with an art form which has a specular dimension. The many Abigails of the stage have no doubt contributed to the unacknowledged view of Abigail as siren/witch that so many critics have. In Jed Harris’s original production in 1953, in Miller’s own production of the same year (to which the later excised scene was first added), and in Laurence Olivier’s 1965 production, Abigail was played by an actress in her twenties, not a young girl. The intent on each director’s part had to have been to make Abigail’s lust for John believable. Individual performers have consistently enacted the siren’s role: The eyes of Madeleine Sherwood, who played Abigail in 1953, glowed with lust †¦ [but] Perhaps the most impressive Abigail has been that of Sarah Miles in 1965. A â€Å"plaguingly sexy mixture of beauty and crossness† †¦ Miles â€Å"reeks with the cunning of suppressed evil and steams with the promise of suppressed passion. â€Å"23 Only the 1980 production of The Crucible by Bill Bryden employed girls who looked even younger than seventeen. Dukore suggests that Bryden’s solution to the fact that John’s â€Å"seduction of a teenage girl half his age appears not to have impressed [critics] as a major fault† was â€Å"ingenious yet (now that he has done it) obvious. â€Å"24 Abigail is not the only witch in Miller’s play, though; Elizabeth, too, is a hag. But it is Elizabeth who is most in need of feminist reader-redemption. If John is diminished as Christian hero by a feminist deconstruction, the diminution is necessary to a balanced reading of the play and to a revised mythopoeia of the paternalistic monotheism of the Puritans and its twentieth-century equivalent, the existential mysticism of Miller. John’s sense of guilt is intended by Miller to act as salve to any emotional injuries given his wife and his own conscience. When his conscience cannot be calmed, when he quakes at doing what he knows must be done in revealing Abigail’s deceit, it is upon Elizabeth that he turns his wrath: Spare me! You forget nothin’ and forgive nothin’. Learn charity, woman. I have gone tiptoe in this house all seven month since she is gone. I have not moved from there to there without I think to please you, and still an everlasting funeral marches round your heart. I cannot speak but I am doubted, every moment judged for lies, as though I come into a court when I come into this house. (54-55) What we are meant to read as understandably defensive anger–that is if we read within the patriarchal framework in which the play is written–must be re-evaluated; such a reading must be done in the light of Elizabeth’s logic–paradoxically, the only â€Å"cold† thing about her. She is right when she turns his anger back on him with â€Å"the magistrate sits in your heart that judges you† (55). She is also right on two other counts. First, John has â€Å"a faulty understanding of young girls. There is a promise made in any bed† (61). The uninitiated and obviously self-punishing Abigail may be excused for thinking as she does (once again in the excised scene) that he is â€Å"singing secret hallelujahs that [his] wife will hang! † (152) Second, John does retain some tender feelings for Abigail despite his indignation. Elizabeth’s question reverberates with insight: â€Å"if it were not Abigail that you must go to hurt, would you falter now? I think not† (54). John has already admitted to Abigail–and to us–in the first act that â€Å"I may think of you softly from time to time† (23), and he does look at her with â€Å"the faintest suggestion of a knowing smile on his face† (21). And John’s use of wintry images of Elizabeth and their home in Act Two–â€Å"It’s winter in her yet† (51)–echoes the imagery used by Abigail in Act One. 25 John is to Abigail â€Å"no wintry man,† but one whose â€Å"heat† has drawn her to her window to see him looking up (23). She is the one who describes Elizabeth as â€Å"a cold, snivelling woman† (24), but it is Miller’s favoured imagery for a stereotypically frigid wife who is no less a witch (in patriarchal lore) than a hot-blooded sperm-stealer like Abigail. Exacerbating all of this is the fact that John lies to Elizabeth about having been alone with Abigail in Parris’s house; Miller would have us believe that John lies to save Elizabeth pain, but I believe he lies out of a rationalizing habit that he carries forward to his death. Miller may want to be kind to Elizabeth, but he cannot manage that and John’s heroism, too. Act Two opens with Elizabeth as hearth angel singing softly offstage to the children who are, significantly, never seen in the play, and bringing John his supper–stewed rabbit which, she says, â€Å"it hurt my heart to strip† (50). But in the space of four pages Miller upbraids her six times. First, John â€Å"is not quite pleased† (49) with the taste of Elizabeth’s stew, and before she appears on stage he adds salt to it. Second, there is a â€Å"certain disappointment† (50) for John in the way Elizabeth receives his kiss. Third, John’s request for â€Å"Cider? made â€Å"as gently as he can† (51) leaves Elizabeth â€Å"reprimanding herself for having forgot† (51). Fourth, John reminds Elizabeth of the cold atmosphere in their house: â€Å"You ought to bring flowers in the house †¦ It’s winter in here yet† (51). Fifth, John perceives Elizabeth’s melancholy as something perennial: â€Å"I think youâ⠂¬â„¢re sad again† (51, emphasis added). And sixth, and in a more overtly condemning mood, John berates Elizabeth when he discovers that she has allowed Mary Warren to go to Salem to testify: â€Å"It is a fault, it is a fault, Elizabeth–you’re the mistress here† (52). Cumulatively, these criticisms work to arouse sympathy for a man who would season his meal, his home, and his amour, a man who is meant to appeal to us because of his sensual awareness of spring’s erotic promise: â€Å"It’s warm as blood beneath the clods† (50), and â€Å"I never see such a load of flowers on the earth. †¦ Lilacs have a purple smell. Lilac is the smell of nightfall† (51). We, too, are seasoned to believe that John really does â€Å"[aim] to please† Elizabeth, and that Elizabeth is relentless in her admonishing of John for his affair, of which she is knowledgeable. It is for John that we are to feel sympathy when he says, â€Å"Let you look to your own improvement before you go to judge your husband more† (54). Miller has informed us of several ways in which Elizabeth could improve herself. Neil Carson claims that â€Å"Miller intends the audience to view Proctor ironically† in this scene; Proctor, he says, is â€Å"a man who is rationalising in order to avoid facing himself,† and at the beginning of Act Two â€Å"Proctor is as guilty as any of projecting his own faults onto others. 26 While I find much in Carson’s entire chapter on The Crucible as sensitive a criticism of the play as any written, I am still uncomfortable about the fact that a â€Å"tragic victory† for the protagonist27 necessarily means an admission of guilt for his wife–once again, it seems to me, a victim is being blamed. No critic, not even Carson, questions Miller’s insistence that Elizabeth is at least partly to blame for John’s infidelity. Her fate is sealed in the lie she tells for love of her husband because she proves him a liar: â€Å"as in All My Sons,† says critic Leonard Moss, â€Å"a woman inadvertently betrays her husband. 28 John has told several lies throughout the play, but it is Elizabeth’s lie that the critics (and Miller) settle upon, for once again the lie fits the stereotype–woman as liar, woman as schemer, woman as witch sealing the fate of man the would-be hero. But looked at another way, Elizabeth is not a liar. The question put to her by Judge Danforth is â€Å"Is [present tense] your husband a lecher! † (113). Elizabeth can in good conscience respond in the negative for she knows the affair to be over. She has no desire to condemn the man who has betrayed her, for she believes John to be nothing but a â€Å"good man †¦ nly somewhat bewildered† (55). Once again, though, her comment condemns her because an audience hears (and Miller perhaps intends) condescension on her part. The patriarchal reading is invited by John’s ironic response: â€Å"Oh, Elizabeth, your justice would freeze beer! † (55). What seems to be happening is that Goody Proctor is turned into a goody two-shoes, a voice of morality. Why we should expect anything else of Elizabeth, raised within a Puritan society and a living example of its valued â€Å"good woman,† escapes me. I find it amazing that the same rules made but not obeyed by â€Å"good† men can be used to condemn the women who do adhere to them. The other thing which Miller and the critics seem unwilling to acknowledge is the hurt that Elizabeth feels over John’s betrayal; instead, her anger, elicited not specifically about the affair but about the incident with the poppet, following hard upon the knowledge of Giles Corey’s wife having been taken, is evidence that she is no good woman. Her language condemns her: â€Å"[Abigail] is murder! She must be ripped out of the world! † (76). Anger in woman, a danger of which Ecclesiastes warns, has been cause for locking her up for centuries. After Elizabeth’s incarceration, and without her persistent logic, Miller is able to focus on John and his sense of failure. But Elizabeth’s last words as she is taken from her home are about the children: â€Å"When the children wake, speak nothing of witchcraft–it will frighten them. She cannot go on. †¦ Tell the children I have gone to visit someone sick† (77-78). I find it strange that John’s similar concerns when he has torn up the confession–â€Å"I have three children–how may I teach them to walk like men in the world, and I sold my riends? † (143)–should be valued above Elizabeth’s. Is it because the children are boys? Is it because Elizabeth is expected to react in the maternal fashion that she does, but for John to respond thus is a sign of sensitive masculinity? Is it because the communal as define d by the Word is threatened by the integrity of women? And why is maintaining a name more important than living? At least alive he might attend to his children’s daily needs–after all, we are told about the sad situation of the â€Å"orphans walking from house to house† (130). 9 It would be foolish to argue that John does not suffer–that, after all, is the point of the play. But what of Elizabeth’s suffering? She is about to lose her husband, her children are without parents, she is sure to be condemned to death as well. Miller must, once again, diminish the threat that Elizabeth offers to John’s martyrdom, for he has created a woman who does not lie, who her husband believes would not give the court the admission of guilt â€Å"if tongs of fire were singeing† her (138). Miller’s play about the life and death struggle for a man’s soul, cannot be threatened by a woman’s struggle. In order to control his character, Miller impregnates her. The court will not sentence an unborn child, so Elizabeth does not have to make a choice. Were she to choose to die without wavering in her decision, as both John and Miller think she would, she would be a threat to the outcome of the play and the sympathy which is supposed to accrue to John. Were she to make the decision to live, for the reasons which Reverend Hale stresses, that â€Å"Life, woman, life is God’s most precious gift; no principle, however glorious, may justify the taking of it† (132), she would undermine existential integrity with compromise. I am not reading another version of The Crucible, one which Miller did not intend, but rather looking at the assumptions inherent in his intentions, assumptions that Miller seems oblivious to and which his critics to date have questioned far too little. I, too, can read the play as a psychological and ethical contest which no one wins, and of which it can be said that both John and Elizabeth are expressions of men and women with all their failings and nobility, but I am troubled by the fact that Elizabeth is seldom granted even that much, that so much is made of Elizabeth’s complicity in John’s adultery, and that the victim of John’s â€Å"virility,†30 Abigail, is blamed because she is evil and/or mad. I do want to question the gender stereotypes in the play nd in the criticism that has been written about it. Let me indulge finally for a moment in another kind of criticism, one that is a fiction, or more precisely, a â€Å"crypto-friction† that defies â€Å"stratifications of canonical thought† and transgresses generic boundaries of drama/fiction and criticism. 31 Like Virginia Woolf I would like to speculate on a play written by a fictional sister to a famous playwright. Let us call Arthur Miller’s wide-eyed younger sister, who believes she can counter a scopic economy by stepping beyond the mirror, Alice Miller. In Alice’s play, Elizabeth and John suffer equally in a domestic problem which is exacerbated by the hysteria around them. John does not try to intimidate Elizabeth with his anger, and she is not described as cold or condescending. Abigail is a victim of an older man’s lust and not inherently a â€Å"bad girl†; she is not beautiful or if she is the playwright does not make so much of it. Her calling out of witches would be explained by wiser critics as the result of her fear and her confusion, not her lust. There is no effort made in Alice’s play to create a hero at the expense of the female characters, or a heroine at the expense of a male character. John is no villain, but–as another male victim/hero character, created by a woman, describes himself–â€Å"a trite, commonplace sinner,†32 trying to right a wrong he admits–without blaming others. Or, here is another version, written by another, more radical f(r)ictional sister, Mary Miller, a real hag. In it, all the witches celebrate the death of John Proctor. The idea comes from two sources: first, a question from a female student who wanted to know if part of Elizabeth’s motivation in not pressing her husband to confess is her desire to pay him back for his betrayal; and second, from a response to Jean-Paul Sartre’s ending for the film Les Sorcieres de Salem. In his 1957 version of John Proctor’s story, Sartre identifies Elizabeth â€Å"with the God of prohibiting sex and the God of judgment,† but he has her save Abigail, who tries to break John out of jail and is in danger of being hanged as a traitor too, because Elizabeth realizes â€Å"‘she loved [John]. † As the film ends, â€Å"Abigail stands shocked in a new understanding. â€Å"33 In Mary Miller’s version Elizabeth is not identified with the male God of the Word, but with the goddesses of old forced into hiding or hanged because of a renaissance of patriarchal ideology. Mary’s witches come together, alleged seductress and c old wife alike, not for love of a man who does not deserve either, but to celebrate life and their victory over male character, playwright, and critics, â€Å"‘men in power’ †¦ ho create and identify with the roles of both the victimizers and the victims,† men who Mary Miller would suggest â€Å"vicariously enjoyed the women’s suffering. â€Å"34 Notes 1. Arthur Miller, The Crucible (New York, 1981), 137. The play was originally published in 1953, but all further references to The Crucible are to the 1981 Penguin edition, and will be noted parenthetically in the text. 2. June Schlueter and James K. Flanagan, Arthur Miller (New York, 1987), 68. 3. Neil Carson, Arthur Miller (New York, 1982), 61. 4. Sandra Kemp, â€Å"‘But how describe a world seen without self? Feminism, fiction and modernism,† Critical Quarterly 32:1 (1990), 99-118: 104. 5. Miller’s interest in the Salem witchcraft trials predated his confrontation with McCarthyi sm (see E. Miller Budick, â€Å"History and Other Spectres in The Crucible,† Arthur Miller, ed. Harold Bloom (New York, 1987), 127-28, but it is also clear from the Introduction to Miller’s Collected Plays Vol 1 (New York, 1957) that he capitalized upon popular response and critical commentary which linked the two. Miller has been, it seems, a favoured critic on the subject of Arthur Miller. 6. In 1929 George L. Kittredge published a work called Witchcraft in Old and New England (Cambridge) in which he remarked that â€Å"the doctrines of our forefathers differed [in regard to witchcraft] from the doctrines of the Roman and Anglican Church in no essential–one may safely add, in no particular† (21). In GynEcology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism (Boston, 1978), Mary Daly says that during the European witch burnings–she does not deal with the Salem witch trials–Protestants â€Å"vied with and even may have surpassed their catholic counterparts in their fanaticism and cruelty† (185-86). . Cited by Peter Conrad and Joseph W. Schneider, Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness, expanded edition (Philadelphia, 1992), 42. 8. Chris Weedon, Feminist Practice and Poststructuralist Theory (Oxford, 1987), 30-31. 9. â€Å"[N]ineteen women and men and two dogs were hanged, one man was pressed to death for refusing to plead, and 150 were imprisoned† (see Schlueter and Flanagan, 72). 10. â€Å"Remembering the Witches,† Our Blood: Prophecies and Discourses on Sexual Politics (London, 1982), 16-17. See also the 1990 National Film Board production, The Burning Times, directed by Donna Read, which declares the European executions for witchcraft to have been a â€Å"women’s holocaust. † Of the nine million people the film numbers among the burned, hanged, or otherwise disposed of, 85 per cent, it reports, were women. 11. The Burning Times discusses at length the place of women healers in Third-World cultures. 12. From Hawkins’s review of the play in File on Miller, ed. Christopher Bigsby (London, 1988), 30. 3. Leonard Moss, Arthur Miller (New York, 1967), 60, 63. 14. Schlueter and Flanagan, 69. 15. Bernard Dukore, â€Å"Death of a Salesman† and â€Å"The Crucible†: Text and Performance (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and London, 1989), 50. 16. Luce Irigaray, â€Å"This Sex Which Is Not One,† New French Feminisms: An Anthology, ed. Elaine Marks and Isabelle de Courtivron (Amherst, 1980), 101. 17. The only critic I have read who has made comments even remotely similar to my own regarding Abigail is Neil Carson. In a 1982 book he remarks that â€Å"Abigail is portrayed as such an obviously bad piece of goods that it takes a clear-eyed French critic to point out that Proctor was not only twice the age of the girl he seduced, but as her employer he was breaking a double trust† (75). Despite his insight, when it comes to explaining the effect of Miller’s omission of detail regarding the early stages of the affair, he does not, I think, realize its full implications. He says that â€Å"Proctor’s sense of guilt [seems] a little forced and perhaps not really justified,† but I think the choice was deliberately made so as to minimize John’s guilt and emphasize his redemption as an existential man. Conversely, Abigail is more easily targeted (as the critics prove) for her active role in her seduction. 18. Daly, 187. 19. Carol Billman (â€Å"Women and the Family in American Drama,† Arizona Quarterly 36: 1 [1980], 35-48) discusses the study of â€Å"everyman† made in the family dramas of O’Neill, Williams, Albee, and Miller (although she does not mention The Crucible): â€Å"women ecessarily occupy a central position, [but] little attention is paid to their subordination or suffering. †¦ Linda Loman [and I would add Elizabeth Proctor] †¦ suffers at least as much as her husband† (36-7). Victoria Sullivan and James Hatch, as well, have complained about the standards of review: â€Å"‘a comp laining female protagonist is automatically less noble than Stanley Kowalski or Willy Loman †¦ [only] men suffer greatly'† (quoted in Billman, 37, emphasis added). 20. Carson, 66. In a play that is historically accurate in so many ways, it is significant to note that the affair between John and Abigail was invented by Miller (Dukore, 43). 21. Conrad and Schneider, 43. 22. I think that whether or not one sees the irony as intentional on Abby’s part, she becomes more sympathetic. If intentional we can agree with her realization that John’s hypocrisy was least when he was seducing her; he is a commonplace lecher. If Abigail is not cognizant of the extent of the irony of what she is saying, then she truly is too young–or too emotionally disturbed–to understand the implications of what she is doing. Carson again comes close to making a very astute judgment about Abigail’s awareness of events going on around her: â€Å"It seems clear that we are to attribute at least a little of Abby’s ‘wildness’ and sensuality to her relationship with John, and to assume that the ‘knowledge’ which Proctor put in Abigail’s heart is not simply carnal, but also includes some awareness of the hypocrisy of some of the Christian women and covenanted men of the community† (68). Carson’s insight, however, is limited by his belief in the â€Å"‘radical’ side of Proctor’s nature,† something with which modern audiences are sure to identify. The problem here is that the focus is once more removed from Abigail’s plight to her vicarious participation in one more of John Proctor’s admirable traits, for his â€Å"is not a simple personality like that of Rebecca Nurse† (68). 23. Dukore, 102. 24. Ibid. , 95. 25. One critic, who celebrates John’s â€Å"playfulness† and who does not want his description of John as a liar to be taken in a pejorative sense, suggests that John and Abigail share a kindred spirit: â€Å"The physical attractiveness of Abby for John Proctor is obvious in the play, ut, I think, so is the passionate imagination which finds its outlet in one way in her and in another in Proctor† (William T. Liston, â€Å"John Proctor’s Playing in The Crucible,† Midwest Quarterly: A Journal of Contemporary Thought 20:4 (1979), 394-403: 403). John is a liar–that is part of his guilt–and to suggest that Abigail offers John something that Elizabeth does not condemns Elizabeth and exonerates John even more than Miller intends. 26. Carson, 69-70. 27. Ibid. , 75. 28. Leonard Moss, Arthur Miller, revised edition (Boston, 1980), 40, emphasis added. 29. I think it significant that the orphans are but one of the wasted possessions unattended to in Salem. The next part of the same sentence mentions abandoned cattle bellowing and rotted crops stinking. Miller has described a material and contemporary world. 30. Richard Hayes, â€Å"Hysteria and Ideology in The Crucible,† Twentieth Century Interpretations of â€Å"The Crucible,† ed. John H. Ferres (Englewood Cliffs, 1972), 34. I find it interesting and instructive that a 1953 review of the play uses the term to describe Arthur Kennedy’s portrayal of John Proctor. 31. Aritha Van Herk, In Visible Ink (crypto-frictions) (Edmonton, 1991), 14. 2. Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre (Harmondsworth, 1984), 160. 33. Eric Mottram, â€Å"Jean-Paul Sartre’s Les Sorcieres de Salem,† Twentieth Century Interpretations of â€Å"The Crucible,† 93, 94. 34. Daly, 215. Source Citation Schissel, Wendy. â€Å"Re(dis)covering the Witches in Arthur Miller’s The Crucib le: A Feminist Reading. † Modern Drama 37. 3 (Fall 1994): 461-473. Rpt. in Drama Criticism. Vol. 31. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Literature Resource Center. Web. 27 July 2011. Document URL http://go. galegroup. com/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CH1420082425v=2. 1u=uq_stpatricksit=rp=LitRCsw=w Gale Document Number: GALE|H1420082425 How to cite Feminist Approach to Witchcraft; Case Study: Miller’s the Crucible, Free Case study samples

Income Tax Law

Question: Discuss about the Income Tax Law. Answer: Backpacker tax: Backpackers who come to visit Australia to work during holidays will be charged by 15% tax inspite of warning given by the farmers of Australia as it will cause adversity because, the newly applicable tax will dishearten travellers from engaging in jobs like seasonal fruit-picker. Initially, the prime minister, Malcom Turnbull proposed the said tax at a higher rate of 32.5%. However, due to failure of securing support from the crossbench and lowered the rate to 19%. The newly applied tax rate will affect approximately 200,000 backpackers, aged between 18 years and 30 years who come from different corner of the world in working visas of 12 months. Arguments for and against Backpacker tax: Advantages: With the handing down of budget for the year 2016-17, and the federal campaign for election in full fledge, that was the best time to evaluate the tax impact on Australian politics. The goal behind imposing the Backpacker tax was to collect the money from the the travellers who come to Australia for doing job during holidays. At the same time the policy maker did not wanted that the new tax policy should cause a burden for the working holiday makers or should not stop them from coming to the country (Brickenstein 2015). Their objective was to increase the taxes for Departing Australia Superannuation Payment (DASP), from 35 percent to 60 percent and even to 100 percent, if possible. This will also have a significant impact on Australias future employment market. Temporary workers who works availing visa habitually end up in unstable long-lasting working situation. After granting the permanent status only they reported about the insecure working conditions (Dabner 2016). The reduced tax rate from 32.5% to 19% will go long way in attracting the seasonal workforce that is required to balance with the high level of demand for labours. Working holidaymakers play an important role in tourism and agricultural sector of Australia. 19% tax rate will assist in maintaining Australias position as a competitive target for working holiday makers and at the same time ensuring that they will contribute at their fair tax level (Dwyer et al. 2014). Disadvantages: Despite of reducing the rate of backpacker tax from 32.5% to 19%, it has various disadvantages on the holiday workers. Superannuation of these workers will be taxed at 95% now at the time of leaving Australia. Though the cost of visa for working holiday will drop by $50, it will still be higher as compared to other countries (Li and Whitworth 2016). Visa for working holiday was initially set up as a symbol for cultural exchange and it used to allow young visitors from all over the world to work for a period of six months or 1 year, if they prefer to work in rural and regional part of Australia. However, higher cost of visa will cause as a burden to the working holidaymaker group and will refrained them from coming to Australia for work purpose (Li 2015). The backpacker tax will have greatest impact on the farmers of Australia and the tax office of Australia could not provide considerable information regarding the forthcoming situation and simply directed the people to visit their website. Another argument was between the Australian government and the political parties, which caused the delay of six month for payment of tax (McCluskey 2016). Other key issues were as follows: Instead of eliminating the tax, just postponing it left the farmers with uncertainties regarding how long to grow their crops and what should be expected for the future season (Toth and Burns 2016). It will not be easy to decide about the payment of the labours During the busy season, farmers will face shortage of labours Income earned from rural Australia will definitely not spent in Australia and therefore affect infrastructure. Postponing the tax payment will not solve the issue It will influence an economy of black market here illegal contractors will exploit and underpay the labours, which in turn will abstain the labours to come in Australia for the purpose of job (Wong 2014). Whether the Backpacker tax exhibit the features of a good tax system: Individuals who will be faced great consequence of the proposed change will be the contributors of working holiday maker program. This program permits the young age group between 18 years and 30 years from the partner nations for working in Australia during the holiday period. The only purpose of their visit must not be work but also the exchange program of culture as well that will enable the young workers to avail a comprehensive holiday and make money through short-term job. At present, if someone wishes to work as holiday worker, he has to collect tax file number from Australia. These numbers are only available for non-residents forming the working visas in required form. Types of working visas are: Entertainment visa (subclass 420) Working holiday maker visa (subclass 462) Work and holiday makers visa (subclass 462) Sport visa (subclass 421) However, with the new tax implications it is not visible that whether the proposed tax will enlarge to all kinds of visa holder. Consequence of tax after the proposed change: The new tax proposal will alter the rate of personal income tax applied to the non-residents. The difference in rate of personal income tax for non-residents and residents can be shown through the following table: Table 1: Resident and non-resident tax rates (Source: ATO) Impact on superannuation payments: Proposed change in the tax rate will not only have impact on working holiday makers as higher rate of tax as compared to the residents, but also it will have the impact on temporary residents who are departing from Australia on permanent basis and want to withdraw the accumulated balance from superannuation (Australian Public Service Commission 2013). The rate of tax on their superannuation ranges between 38% to 47% whereas the tax rate for the residents taking out balance from superannuation before reaching the prevention age is 20%. Other visible effects: Some other expected problems due to the proposed changes are as follows: The new policy may significantly increase the chances of tax evasion Number of makers for working holiday may decrease significantly if the workers realise that they will be able to avail less economic benefit out of Australian work such as casual hospitality, cleaning and picking fruit. Proposed policy could lead to hurting the companies of Australia that will find tough to fill up the vacancies without the availability of visiting and cheap workforce Tourism industry is worried as the backpackers who work mainly in the regional areas and likely to spend more, will not prefer to visit Australia and rather they will visit to Canada, New Zealand or South Africa. From the above discussions, it is concluded that does not meet the characteristics of a good tax system as it will have a bad impact on working holiday makers as well as the farmers of Australia. Characteristics of forming a good tax system are to plan with consideration with all the taxpayers. As it has so many limitations, it does not meet the criteria of a good tax system. Reason behind the adoption of changes by Liberal/National coalition government: The decision of removing the backpackers entry to for tax-free doorstep was declared by the Liberal-National government in the budget of May, 2015 as a measure of revenue. At present the backpackers are able to have access $18,200 tax-free limit, lower rate of tax at 19% and offset of low-income tax for the limit up to $37,000. Due to the proposed change, the makers of working holiday will be charged at a high rate of 32.5% and be taxed as non-residents which in turn will enable the Australian government to earn more revenue from tax (Sharkey 2015). Australian government made the statement to the public that the proposed change will give the best possible outcome for their country as well as their community. The other reasons behind the proposed changes are as follows: Lower tax rate will enable the backpackers to spend more while travelling as with high rate of tax they return in empty pockets because they spend whatever they earn Access to the limit of tax-free zone for the backpackers means ATO will not waste their time for administering low payments. In various instances, they have to spend more as compared to the raised revenue. In consideration to clear the confusion about the arrangement of tax for the makers of working holiday, the Liberal/National coalition government believed that the various rates of tax for the non-residents should be amended and should be revoked. This is with consideration to the principle that all the labours should be able to have access to same working environment, despite of their status of residency (Richardson,Taylor and Lanis 2013). An efficient zero rate of tax offers Australia with competitive benefits through making the country more attractive for backpackers and supply an important source for seasonal worker in the agricultural industry Government wanted to minimise the misguided management of government results that was passionate about the penny-pinching measures of revenue. At the same time, they wanted to avail the opportunity of lasting and real structural reform, which in turn make the country more competitive and fair. Jai, a Malaysian citizen having appropriate visa for working in Australia and tax file number worked for 12 months in Australia as fruit picker under the working holiday maker and earned $17, 500 on that. However, while living Australia, he did not pay any tax on that amount as he considered himself as resident for staying 12 months in the country. However, he wants to come in Australia for another 12 months in 2017 under working holiday. If he earns $17,500 now, then the applicable tax on that amount as per the proposed tax rates for the period of 2017 will be as follows: He will no longer be treated as resident, even if he spends 12 months as the government declared in 2016 budget that holders of work and holiday visa will not be treated as Australian resident for the purpose of tax and they can not avail the tax-free thresh hold (Rice 2014). They will fall into the higher bracket of tax rate at 32.5% on each dollar they will earn. Jai will have to pay ($17,500 x 32.5%) = $5,687.50 as tax on the amount he will earn, that is, on $17,500. Reference: Australian Public Service Commission, 2013. Capability review: Australian Taxation Office.Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Brickenstein, C., 2015. Impact assessment of seasonal labor migration in Australia and New Zealand: A winwin situation?.Asian and Pacific Migration Journal,24(1), pp.107-129. Dabner, J.H., 2016. 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